There are various types of equipment in chemical plants, and because of the large number of various types of equipment and the specificity of the equipment itself, there are specific rules and requirements for the layout of each type of equipment, and the design of the piping layout of the equipment is also extremely important. Today, we will explain in detail the specific requirements for the layout of various types of chemical equipment!
01 What are the several types of tower arrangements? Specific requirements for? (1) single-row arrangement, in general more single-row arrangement, one side of the corridor with two or more towers or vertical containers, general centerline alignment, such as two or more towers set up a joint platform, the appropriate centerline alignment or tangential alignment;.
(2) multi-row arrangement, for the smaller diameter of the body higher tower, can be double row arrangement or into a triangular arrangement, so that the platform can be used to link the tower together, to improve its stability. However, guiding nodes that can slide should be used for platform rooting members to accommodate the thermal expansion effects of different operating temperatures.
(3) frame arrangement, for the diameter DN ≤ 1000mm tower can also be arranged in the frame or the side of the frame. For the use of the frame to improve its stability and set the platform, ladder. For the segmental tower arranged on the frame, when it is not possible to use the motorized lifting machine, the maintenance lifting facilities should be set up on the frame.
02 What are the requirements for the arrangement of the tower and its associated equipment? The tower and its associated equipment such as feed heater, non-open flame heating reboiler, tower top condensing cooler, reflux tank, tower bottom pumping, etc., should be arranged close to each other according to the process sequence, if necessary, can form an independent operating system, located in a zone, so as to facilitate the operation management.
03 along the corridor layout of the tower and vertical tube ware and the corridor spacing how to determine? (1) When arranging the pump between the tower and the corridor, the operation, maintenance and piping requirements of the pump should be determined.
(2) between the tower and the corridor is not arranged when the pump, the distance between the outer wall of the tower and the centre line of the pipe stand column, should not be less than 3m.
04 tower and tower or tower and other adjacent equipment between the distance between how to determine? Tower and tower or tower and other adjacent equipment between the distance, in addition to should meet the pipeline, platform, instrumentation and small equipment such as layout and installation requirements, but also should meet the operation, maintenance channel and foundation layout needs to play. The net distance between the two towers should not be less than 2.5m.
05 tower and vertical container installation height should meet which requirements? (1) when using internal pressure or fluid gravity to send materials to other equipment or pipeline, by its internal pressure and be sent to the equipment or pipeline pressure and height to determine;.
(2) When pumping, the installation height of the equipment should be determined by the cavitation margin of the pump and the pressure drop of the suction pipe.
(3) The installation height of the tower with non-open flame heating reverberator shall be determined by the interrelationship between the tower and reverberator and the operational requirements as required by the process.
(4) should meet the minimum headroom required for the installation and operation of the tower bottom pipe, and the tower's base surface should not be less than 200mm above ground.
06 What are the general requirements for the arrangement of heat exchange equipment? (1) and fractionation tower associated with shell and tube heat transfer equipment, such as tower bottom reboiler, tower top condensing cooler, etc.. Should be arranged in the order of the process flow in the vicinity of the fractionation tower.
(2) two materials for heat exchange heat exchanger, should be arranged in the two materials import and export connected to the nearest position of the pipeline.
(3) a material and several different materials for heat exchange
Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger, should be arranged in groups.
(4) water or coolant cooling several groups of different materials cooler, should be arranged in groups.
(5) group arrangement of heat exchange equipment, should take the support base centerline alignment, when the support spacing is not the same, should take one end of the support base centerline alignment. For the convenience of pipeline connection, the ground layout of the heat exchanger can also be used to align the centre line of the pipe inlet and outlet.
(6) heat exchanger equipment should be laid out on the ground as far as possible, but the number of heat exchanger equipment can be laid out on the frame:.
1)
Floating Head Heat Exchanger in the ground when the arrangement, should meet the following requirements.
Floating head and tube box on both sides should have a width of not less than 0.6m of open space, floating head end in front of the appropriate width of not less than 1.2m of open space.
The front of the tube box should have an open space at least 1.5m longer than the length of the tube bundle from the end of the tube box.
2) The following requirements should be met when the floating head heat exchanger is arranged on a frame.
The platform headroom in front of the floating head end should not be less than 0.8m;
the platform headroom in front of the tube box end should not be less than 1mn, with the platform using removable railings and the space required for the tube bundle extraction area should be considered.
The height of the structure should be able to meet the need for lifting the head cover of the tube box and floating head of the heat exchanger.
(7) For space saving or process operation convenience two
Heat Exchangers can be laid out overlapping each other. However, for two-phase flow media or shell diameter greater than or equal to 1.2m heat exchanger should not be overlapping arrangements.
(8) between heat exchangers, heat exchangers and other equipment between the net distance should not be less than 0.7m.
(9) heavy oil or polluting materials of the environment should not be arranged on the frame of the heat exchanger.
(10) The operating temperature is higher than the material spontaneous combustion point of the heat exchanger above, if there is no floor or platform to separate, should not be arranged other equipment.
07 What are the general requirements for the layout of heavy boilers? (1) The spacing between the reboiler and the tower heated by open fire should be arranged according to the spacing requirements of the heating furnace and tower in the fire code.
(2) Horizontal reboilers heated by steam or heat carriers should be arranged close to the tower, and maintain a certain height difference with the tower (determined by the process design), the distance between the two should meet the requirements of the pipeline layout, the reboiler pumping one end of the tube bundle should have maintenance sites and access;.
(3) Vertical reboiler should be used as a tower for support arrangement on the side of the tower, and maintain a certain height difference with the tower (determined by the process design). There should be sufficient space above it for maintenance.
(4) a tower needs more than one parallel vertical reboiler, the location and installation height of the reboiler, in addition to ensuring the process requirements, should also meet the requirements of the import and export collection tube arrangement and facilitate the operation and maintenance.
08 What are the general requirements for the arrangement of the air cooler? (1) The air cooler (hereinafter referred to as air cooler) should be arranged on the downwind side of the minimum frequency wind direction of the device throughout the year.
(2) The air cooler should be arranged above the main corridor, on the top of the frame or on top of the tower.
(3) The air cooler should not be placed above the operating temperature equal to or higher than the self-ignition point of the material and the transport and storage of liquefied hydrocarbon equipment; otherwise, a partition of non-combustible material should be used for isolation and protection.
(4) When multiple air coolers are arranged together, they should be arranged in the same form and should be arranged in rows; a part of the arrangement in rows and another part in rows should be avoided.
(5) Slant-top air coolers should not be placed with the ventilation side facing the dominant wind direction in summer. (5) Slant-roofed air coolers should not be placed in rows, such as in rows, there should be a space of not less than 3m between the two rows.
(6) The distance between the frame columns of two humidified air coolers or dry and wet combined air coolers arranged side by side should not be less than 3m.
(7) Platforms should be provided at the tube boxes and drive machinery at both ends of the air cooler bundle.
(8) The arrangement of the air cooler frame or the side of the main corridor should have the necessary maintenance space and access on the ground.
09 How can the arrangement of the air cooler avoid the hot air circulation between itself or each other? (1) Air coolers of the same type are arranged at the same height.
(2) Adjacent air coolers are arranged close together.
(3) Groups of dry blast air coolers and induced draft air coolers are arranged separately, and the induced draft air cooler should be arranged on the downwind side of the minimum annual frequency wind direction of the blast air cooler.
(4) When the induced draft air cooler and the blast air cooler are arranged together, the blast air cooler tube bundle should be raised.
10 What are the general requirements for the arrangement of heating furnaces? (1) open flame heating furnace should be placed centrally in the edge of the device well near the fire escape, and should be in the combustible gases, liquefied hydrocarbons, A B class liquid equipment, the annual minimum frequency of wind direction of the downwind side;.
(2) Heating furnaces and other open-flame equipment should be arranged together.
(3) several heating furnaces can be aligned in rows according to the centre line of the furnace arrangement. The net distance between two heating furnaces should not be less than 3m.
(4) When using motorized maintenance equipment to lift the heating furnace tube, there should be motorized maintenance equipment to pass the channel and maintenance site. For the heating furnace with horizontal furnace tube, in the side of the extraction of the furnace tube, the length of the maintenance site should not be less than the length of the tube plus 2m.
(5) The distance between the outer wall of the heating furnace and the edge of the service road should not be less than 3m.
(6) For furnaces with steam generators, the steam package should be located on the top of the furnace or on the adjacent frame.
(7) The distance between the heating furnace and its attached fuel gas distribution tank, fuel gas heater, should not be less than 6m.
(8) When the heating furnace has air preheaters, blowers, induced draft fans and other auxiliary equipment, auxiliary equipment should be arranged so as not to hinder the maintenance of itself and the heating furnace.
(9) The fire protection distance between the heating furnace and the liquefied hydrocarbon equipment arranged in the open air shall not be less than 22.5 m. When a solid wall of non-combustible material is set up between the equipment, the distance may be reduced but shall not be less than 15 m. The height of the solid wall shall not be less than 3 m and shall not be greater than 5 m from the heating furnace and shall prevent combustible gases from escaping into the furnace body.
(10) When the plant of the liquefied hydrocarbon equipment or the class A gas compressor room is closed wall towards the heating furnace side, the distance between the heating furnace and the plant can be reduced, but shall not be less than 15m.
11 What are the requirements for the way in which vertical vessels are arranged? The shape of the vertical container is similar to the tower, but the internal structure is not as complex as the internal structure of the tower, the arrangement of the vertical container and the installation height can refer to the layout requirements of the tower, in addition, the following requirements should be considered.
(1) for operational convenience, vertical containers can be installed on the ground, floor or platform, but also through the floor or platform, with the support of the lug on the floor or platform.
(2) When the vertical vessel is installed across the floor or platform, the liquid level indication and control instruments on the vessel should be avoided as far as possible also across the floor or platform.
(3) When a vertical vessel is installed with a large load agitator inside in order to prevent the solidification of viscous materials or the settlement of solid materials, a support structure should be set up from the ground as far as possible in order to avoid the influence of vibration.
(4) For the vertical container with top opening, the height of the filling point should not be higher than 1m above the floor or platform, such as higher than lm, a filling platform or step should be considered.
12 What are the requirements for the layout and installation height of horizontal containers? (1) Horizontal containers should be arranged in groups. Group arrangement of horizontal containers should be aligned according to the centre line of the base of the support or aligned according to the tangent line of the head. The headroom between horizontal vessels can be considered according to 0.7m.
(2) in the process design to determine the size of horizontal containers, as far as possible, the same length of different diameter containers, in order to facilitate the layout of equipment.
(3) determine the installation height of the horizontal container, in addition to the material should meet the gravity flow or pump suction height and other requirements, should also meet the following requirements.
(a) When there is a liquid collection package under the container, there should be sufficient space required for the operation and detection instrumentation of the liquid collection package.
When an operating channel is required under the container, the clearance between the piping at the bottom of the container and the ground should not be less than 2.2m.
Different diameters of horizontal containers arranged in groups on the ground or on the same floor or platform, the diameter of the smaller horizontal container centreline elevation can be raised appropriately, so that with the diameter of the larger horizontal container cylinder surface elevation consistent, in order to set the joint platform.
(4) horizontal container in the ground pit layout, should be properly handled in the pit of water and toxic, flammable and explosive media accumulation. The size of the pit should meet the operation and maintenance requirements of the container. For rainy areas can be considered in the upper part of the pit set up canopy.
(5) The setting of the platform of the horizontal container should consider the operation of the manhole and liquid level meter. The top platform elevation should be 150mm lower than the top nozzle flange surface. When the height of the upper interface of the liquid level meter is more than 3m from the ground or the operating platform, the liquid level meter should be installed near the straight ladder. For the centralised arrangement of horizontal vessels a joint platform can be provided.
13 What are the different types of pump arrangements? There are three types of pump arrangement: open-air arrangement, semi-open-air arrangement and indoor arrangement.
(1) Open-air arrangement of open-air arrangement of pumps, usually centrally arranged in the lower confusion side of the corridor, can also be scattered in the vicinity of the pumped equipment. The advantages are good ventilation, easy operation and maintenance.
(2) semi-open-air arrangement semi-open-air arrangement of the pump is suitable for rainy areas, generally in the corridor below the arrangement of the pump, in the upper part of the pipe above the canopy. Or the pump will be arranged on the lower ground of the frame, with the frame platform as a canopy. These pumps can be arranged in single, double or multiple rows according to the design layout requirements relating to the pump.
(3) Indoor arrangement in cold or sandy areas can be arranged in the pump indoors. If the process requires the equipment to be arranged indoors, the pumps belonging to it should also be arranged indoors.
14 What are the specific requirements for pump layout? (1) Pumps in rows should be arranged in accordance with the fire protection requirements, operating conditions and material characteristics of the group; pump open-air, semi-open-air arrangement; operating temperature equal to or higher than the self-ignition point of the combustible liquid pump should be centrally located; and operating temperature below the self-ignition point of the combustible liquid pump should be not less than 4.5m fire spacing between; and liquid hydrocarbon pump should be not less than 7.5m fire spacing between.
(2) When the pumps are arranged in rows, it is appropriate to place the pump ends out. The population centre line is aligned, or the pump end of the foundation edge line is aligned.
(3) When the pumps are arranged in double rows, it is advisable to place the power ends of the two rows of pumps opposite each other, leaving a maintenance channel in the middle.
(4) When the pump is arranged below or outside the main corridor, the minimum net width of the pump area channel is 2m, the minimum net height is 3m, and the width of the operating channel in front of the pump end, should not be less than 1m.
(5) When the pump is arranged below or outside the main corridor, whether it is a single row or a double row, the centre line of the pump and the driving machine should be perpendicular to the direction of the corridor.
(6) When the pump is arranged indoors, the net distance between two rows of pumps should not be less than 2 m. The net distance between the pump end or pump side and the wall should meet the operation and maintenance requirements and should not be less than l m.
(7) Except for small pumps installed on a joint foundation, the clear distance between two pumps should not be less than 0.7m.
(8) The foundation surface of the pump should be 200mm above the ground, and the minimum should not be less than 100mm; when installing a filter in front of the suction port of the pump, the height of the pump foundation should take into account that the filter can be easily cleaned and disassembled.
(9) When the vertical pump is arranged under the main corridor or under the frame, the space required for installation and maintenance of the pump body should be left above it.
(10) Pumps conveying extremely hazardous substances (e.g. propylene? hydrocyanic acid, etc.) shall be separated from other pump rooms.
(11) Fire pump rooms should be provided with dual power sources.
(12) The common backup pump should be arranged in the middle of the corresponding pump.
(13) The arrangement of the pump should take into account the flexible design requirements of the pipeline.
15 What are the general requirements for the arrangement of the compressor? (1) The arrangement of the compressor set and its ancillary equipment should meet the requirements of the manufacturer.
(2) The compressor should be arranged near the equipment to be pumped, and its ancillary equipment should be arranged close to the unit.
(3) The arrangement of the compressor for combustible gases should meet the following requirements.
(3) The spacing between the compressor and open-flame equipment and non-explosion-proof electrical equipment shall conform to the provisions of the current national standard "Code of Practice for the Design of Electrical Installations in Explosion- and Fire-Hazardous Environments" GB 50028 and "Code of Practice for the Design of Petroleum and Chemical Enterprises against Fire" GB 50160.
It is desirable to have an open-air arrangement or a semi-open arrangement. In cold or sandy areas can be arranged in the plant.
Single machine drive power equal to or greater than 150kw class A gas compressor plant, should not share a building with other class A, B, C rooms; above the compressor, shall not be arranged A, B, C liquid equipment, but the high level lubricant tank for self-use is not subject to this limit.
(4) single-layer arrangement of the compressor, when the foundation is high, it is appropriate to set up the operating platform as needed; when more ancillary equipment, it is appropriate to two-layer arrangement.
16 What should the installation height of the compressor meet? The installation height of the compressor should be determined according to its structural characteristics. The installation height of compressors with both inlet and outlet at the bottom should meet the following requirements.
(1) Clearance requirements between the inlet and outlet connection pipes and the ground
(2) The height of the connection between the inlet and outlet connection piping and the piping on the corridor.
(3) The requirements for the installation height and size of the filter on the suction pipe.
(4) The installation height of reciprocating compressors should be reduced in order to reduce vibration.
17 What fire regulations should be complied with in the layout of the control room, power distribution room and laboratory of the installation? (1) The control room and power distribution room should be located on the ground floor of the building, but if production needs or other conditions restrict, the control room and power distribution room can be placed on the second or higher floor.
(2) In installations where heavier-than-air combustible gases may be emitted, the indoor floor of the control room, power substation and laboratory shall be at least 0.6m higher than the outdoor floor.
(3) The external wall of the control room facing the side of the equipment with fire hazards shall be a solid wall of non-combustible material without doors, windows or openings.
(4) Indoor control room or laboratory shall not be installed with primary instruments for online analysis of combustible gases, liquefied hydrocarbons and combustible liquids. When the above instruments are installed in adjacent rooms of the control room or laboratory, the middle partition wall shall be a firewall.
18 What requirements should be met for the installation of aisles in production plants? What is the minimum width and minimum clear height of the aisles in the installation? When laying out equipment, the necessary access roads and sites should be considered in accordance with the needs of construction, maintenance, operation and fire-fighting. Inside the plant, roads should be used to separate the plant into equipment and building areas covering an area of no more than 10,000m2. When the synthetic fibre plant esterification polymerisation, drawing and post-processing plant covers an area greater than 10,000m2, access roads should be set up on both sides. The main vehicle access in the device, should be connected with the factory road.
(1) The installation of fire escape shall meet the following requirements.
- When the width of the installation is greater than 60m, a through fire escape shall be provided within the installation.
- When the width of the installation is less than or equal to 60m, and there are fire escapes on both sides of the installation, there may not be through fire escapes. The through-road in the installation shall be provided with a return area.
- The width of the road shall not be less than 4m, the net distance between the pipe rack and the edge of the road on the road shoulder shall not be less than lm, the turning radius of the inner line of the road shall not be less than 7m, and the clearance height on the road shall not be less than 4.5m.
(2) maintenance access should meet the width of the road, turning radius and load bearing requirements of the motorized maintenance equipment, and can lead to the equipment maintenance lifting holes.
(3) The main vehicular access, fire fighting access and maintenance access in the installation shall be combined.
(4) operation channel, should be based on the production operation, tour inspection, small maintenance and other frequent degree and the distribution of the operation point to decide.
19 What should be considered when designing the piping arrangement along the tower? (1) Should meet the requirements of the process piping and instrumentation flow chart.
(2) The piping arrangement should be planned from the top of the tower to the bottom of the tower from top to bottom, and should first consider the location of the top of the tower piping and large diameter piping and the direction of the self-flow piping, then arrange the pressure piping and general piping, and finally consider the bottom of the tower piping and small diameter piping.
(3) Convenient operation, maintenance and safety, economy and reasonableness should be considered.
(4) Each pipeline should be as short as possible according to its starting and ending points, but must meet the requirements of pipeline flexibility.
(5) Each pipe should be arranged along the tower as far as possible and with a "good appearance" in mind.
- Two situations can be considered: one is to arrange each pipe separately; the other is to arrange the pipes in groups (this way, plus the concentrated load of the pipes is larger, should obtain the agreement of the equipment designer).
On the side of the pipeline along the outer wall of the tower in concentric circles, or along the outer wall of the tower in a tangential arrangement.
20 What are the key points of the tower top piping design? (1) Tower top piping generally has tower top oil and gas, venting and safety valve outlet piping. The tower top venting piping is generally installed at the top of the highest horizontal pipe section of the tower top oil and gas piping, and should meet the requirements of the fire code.
(2) tower top oil and gas pipeline medium is generally gas phase, pipe diameter is larger, the pipeline as short as possible, to "step low", should not appear bag-shaped pipe, and has a certain degree of flexibility;.
(3) each along the tower pipeline, need to set up a load-bearing bracket in the upper, and in the appropriate location to set up a guide bracket, so as to avoid excessive force on the nozzle;.
(4) fractionation tower top oil and gas pipeline is generally not insulated, only to prevent hot; such as the pipeline to more than one cold exchange equipment, in order to avoid partial flow, should be symmetrically arranged;.
(5) tower top for two condensation, the piping arrangement should make the condensate self-flow step by step, the oil and gas pipe and condensation road inlet branch should be symmetrically arranged, so that the flow is uniform;.
(6) when the tower top pressure with hot bypass control, the hot bypass pipe should be insulated, as short as possible, its regulating valve should be installed in the return tank "upper, and the pipe shall not appear" bag-shaped "to avoid accumulation of liquid;.
(7) reduce the top of the tower oil and gas piping and tower opening directly welded rather than flange connection, in order to reduce leakage.
21 tower side pipe design what specific requirements? (1) tower body side piping generally have reflux, feed, side line extraction, steam, reboiler inlet and return pipeline, etc., in order to make the valve closed without liquid, the above pipeline on the valve should be directly connected with the tower body orifice directly, into (out) material pipeline in the same angle there are more than two into (out) material opening, the pipeline should consider a certain flexibility;.
(2) fractionation tower side line to the steam tower pipeline such as regulating valve whose installation position should be close to the steam tower. To ensure that the adjustment with a section of liquid in front. The height of the liquid column should meet the requirements of the process.
22 What are the characteristics of the bottom of the tower piping design? (1) tower bottom of the operating temperature is generally higher, so in the layout of the tower bottom pipeline, its flexibility should meet the requirements of the relevant standards or specifications. In particular, when the pump is connected to the bottom of the tower, the pipeline should be short and less bend, but also need to have enough flexibility to reduce the pump nozzle force.
Tower bottom pumping line should be led to the tower skirt or base outside, the tower skirt is strictly prohibited to set flange into the instrument connector and other fittings. The bottom of the tower to the bottom of the pump out of the pipeline in the horizontal pipe section shall not have "bag-shaped", should be "step low", so as to avoid the bottom of the tower pump cavitation phenomenon, pump out of the pipe on the isolation valve should be as close as possible to the tower body, and easy to operate.
(2) Unless it is an auxiliary reboiler, or more than two parallel reboilers operating at the same time, and requires a wide range of regulation of its heat load, the bottom of the tower to the reboiler pipeline is generally not suitable for the valve.
When the tower bottom kettle type reboiler with centrifugal pump, the elevation of the reboiler should meet the effective cavitation margin required by the centrifugal pump, and at the same time make the static pressure head formed by the difference between the liquid level at the bottom of the tower and the liquid level of the reboiler sufficient to overcome the pressure loss of the liquid drop pipe, reboiler and gas lift pipe. Therefore, the piping should be arranged in such a way that while meeting the flexibility requirements, the piping should be short and with few elbows.
23 tower manhole arrangement should meet what requirements? (1) tower manhole should be located in the tower of the operating area, into, out of the tower more convenient, safe, reasonable place, and should be located in the same direction.
(2) set manhole part must pay attention to the internal components of the tower, generally should be located in the tower plate above the bubble area, shall not be located in the tower of the descending liquid tube or by the liquid tank area;.
(3) tower on the manhole (or hand hole), generally every 3-8 layers of the tower plate layout a.
(4) manhole centre from the platform surface height is generally 600mm to 1000mm between, the most suitable height for 750mm;.
(5) a tower on the manhole should be arranged in the same vertical line, so that it is neat and beautiful.
24 What are the requirements for the orifice orientation of the tower? (1) tower orifice orientation should meet the requirements of the working principle and structure of the tower, the design should pay attention to the overall structure of the equipment and the relative orientation of the orifice; tower top gas phase openings in the middle of the tower head cover; tower reflux openings, generally arranged in the tower plate above the side of the pipe; gas phase into the opening in the tower plate above, and drop the liquid tube parallel; gas-liquid mixed phase into the opening in the tower plate above, and set distribution tube; steam lifting steam The opening is below the column plate with a gas distribution pipe.
Lateral product extraction outlet in the lower part of the descending tube within the range of the public arc, it is appropriate to set the extraction bucket, for the middle of the descending tube of the double overflow tower plate, its extraction outlet can be arranged in the place of any angle, set the extraction bucket; tower bottom extraction outlet is located in the middle of the tower bottom head cover, and set the anti-vortex plate, extraction outlet should be extended to the tower skirt outside.
(2) for the tower plate tower, manhole should be arranged in parallel with the tower plate overflow weir on the diameter of the tower, conditions do not allow can not be parallel, but manhole and overflow weir in the horizontal direction of the net distance should not be greater than 50mm.
(3) manhole lifting orientation, and ladder settings should be unified arrangement, in the event of an accident, man cover smoothly closed direction and the direction of evacuation of people should be consistent.
(4) The level meter interface may be directly connected to the level meter through the root valve, or connected to the level meter connecting pipe through the root valve. The level meter interface shall not be arranged within a 60° angle opposite the inlet, unless the inlet is protected by an internal baffle. The external float level control receiver connected directly to the tower should be baffled. Level meter, level control float, alarm and other devices are often located in the tower platform or partial platform end, in order to facilitate maintenance.
(5) pressure meter interface should be arranged in the gas phase of the tower area, so that the pressure meter reading is not affected by the liquid level pressure head.
(6) sampling port and temperature measurement port layout, gas phase sampling port and temperature measurement port should avoid the tower plate drop tank gas phase area, liquid phase sampling port and temperature measurement port should be located in the drop tube area of the tower plate holding liquid layer; for easy crystallization of the liquid phase sampling tube should be to the tower plate.
(7) tower top lifting column should be positioned so that when rotating can reach the platform outside the lifting point above, as well as the platform owner hole location.
25 equipment orifice orientation map in addition to indicate the orifice, but also to indicate what orientation? In addition to indicating the process and common media orifice, it should also indicate
(1) the orientation of the instrument receiver, including temperature, pressure and liquid level.
(2) The orientation of manholes, hand holes and lifting columns, and the orientation of skirt seat venting holes.
(3) The orientation of the equipment foot bolt holes or the orientation of the supporting lugs.
(4) orientation of lugs, grounding plates and nameplates
(5) orientation of the internal climbing ladder and the reinforcement support at the bottom of the skirt. Picture
26 How do I determine the fixed side of a horizontal vessel support? The most important (difficult or demanding) pipe for the flexibility calculation, e.g. with a high compensation capacity and a large pipe diameter, is identified from the pipes to be connected to the vessel as the basis for deciding on the type of support. The position of the fixed-side support should facilitate the flexible calculation of this pipe.
27 What are the requirements for the orientation of the pipe mouth of a horizontal vessel? (1) in the equipment shell on the liquid inlet and outlet spacing should be as far as possible. The liquid inlet pipe should be as far away from the vessel level gauge interface as possible.
(2) The level meter interface should be arranged in a position that is easy for the operator to observe and convenient for maintenance. Sometimes, in order to reduce the receiver port on the equipment, the in-situ level meter, level controller, level alarm and other measuring devices can be installed on the joint box. The orientation of the orifice of the wave level meter should be arranged on the same side as the liquid level adjustment valve set.
(3) Hinged (or hanging column) connected manhole cover, when opened should not affect other orifices or pipes, etc..
(4) The safety valve receiver should be located at the top of the vessel.
28 What are the general requirements for the piping arrangement of horizontal vessels? The piping of the container (tank) is relatively simple; the piping arrangement of the vertical container is broadly similar to the piping arrangement of the tower, also take the design along the tank wall, the valve on the piping is also required to connect directly with the opening; this can avoid the accumulation of liquid.
Horizontal container equipment layout, generally the tank and the long direction of the corridor perpendicular so its piping such as gas outlet piping, safety valve outlet piping, liquid outlet piping, etc. are towards the corridor, and with the corridor on the relevant; main connection.
The pipe from the opening at the top of the vessel should be at a higher elevation than the main pipe connected to the corridor so that it can be connected to the top of the main pipe. When the liquid outlet pipe at the bottom of the container is connected to the pump under the pipe, the elevation of the bottom of the pipe should not affect the passage of people.
(1) the liquid outlet of the horizontal container and the pump suction port connected to the pipeline, if overhead piping on the channel, the minimum clearance height of 2200mrn.
(2) the pipeline connected with the bottom orifice of the horizontal container, its low point discharge port from the floor minimum headroom of 150mm.
(3) safety valve outlet discharge into the closed piping system, should avoid accumulation of liquid, and to meet the safety valve outlet pipe along the media flow into 45 ° down and the top of the closed main pipe, and no "bag-shaped". If the safety valve is installed away from the container, to check the pressure drop from the container to the safety valve inlet pipeline.
(4) The regulating valve set of the pipeline at the top of the storage tank is arranged on a platform.
(5) The platform should be set according to the equipment and piping arrangement inert.
29 What are the general requirements for the design of the heating furnace piping arrangement? (1) heating furnace piping layout varies with the furnace type, in the heating furnace piping layout, should be its feed, discharge piping, fuel system piping, soot blowing gas piping, fire fighting steam piping and other unified consideration.
(2) to the cylinder furnace into, into and out of the main pipe, usually using a ring-shaped arrangement around the furnace body, can be supported on the ground or the furnace body. The ring-shaped main pipe should be arranged above the fire door, in order to facilitate the normal operation and maintenance of the fire door.
(3) If necessary in the furnace outlet pipe elbow. tee or reducer beyond the larger diameter, or at the bottom position vertically down from the top of the furnace, with anti-vibration brackets.
(4) If rupture discs are provided in the piping, they must not be oriented towards the operation or equipment.
(5) The main regulating valve train is normally arranged between the pipe gallery and the furnace body and attention is paid to the access requirements.
(6) Valves on steam, fuel oil or fuel gas pipelines should be arranged on vertical pipelines near the lookout door and meet the requirements for regulation and servicing.
(7) In cold areas, steam tracing should be used for fuel oil pipelines in accordance with the regulations.
(8) Piping near the nozzle should be of a jointed construction that can be easily removed for cleaning and maintenance.
(9) Platforms and ladders shall be provided at valves and observation areas at higher locations where they are frequently operated.
(10) The discharge point of the fuel line shall be at least 15 m above the furnace and shall be discharged into a collection system and not directly into the sewer.
(11) Pipes connected to the furnace shall be arranged as centrally as possible for support and coordination. aesthetic purposes.
(12) To the heating furnace feed pipeline, should maintain a uniform flow rate in each way; for the all-liquid phase feed pipeline, each way is generally provided with a flow rate adjustment valve to regulate the flow rate in each way, otherwise the pipeline should be arranged symmetrically, the gas-liquid two-phase inlet and outlet pipeline, must be arranged symmetrically to ensure the same pressure drop in each way.
(l3) The annular oil line should be the highest temperature to calculate the amount of thermal compensation, and use the natural compensation of the pipeline to absorb its thermal expansion.
30 What are the general requirements for the fuel gas piping arrangement of the heating furnace? (1) The fuel gas should be provided with a distribution main so that the fuel gas from each nozzle is evenly distributed; the fuel gas branch pipe is led from the upper part of the distribution main to ensure that the fuel gas into the nozzle does not carry water or condensate oil.
At the end of the fuel gas distribution main there is a DN20 drain valve, which is convenient for flushing after commissioning and cleaning after stopping work, as well as for sampling and analysing the oxygen content in the pipeline when starting work. The fuel gas shut-off main valve should be located 15m away from the heating furnace.
(2) In the fuel gas pipeline set flame arrestor, you can stop the spread of flame, flame arrestor according to the principle of action can be divided into dry flame arrestor and safety water seal two. Dry flame arrestors with a multi-layer copper wire mesh are generally used on fuel gas pipes in industrial production plants. The flame arrestor should be placed close to the nozzle. Pipe flame arrestor and burner distance should not be greater than 12 m. In this way, the flame arrestor will not be in serious explosive zha conditions, the service life can be extended.
31 shell and tube type and casing type heat exchanger equipment piping layout should be considered how? (1) process piping arrangement should pay attention to the flow of cold and heat flow, generally cold flow from the bottom up, heat flow from the top down.
(2) The piping arrangement should be convenient for operation and not hinder the maintenance of the equipment.
(3) The base elevation of the heat exchange equipment shall meet its lower discharge pipe not less than 150mm from the ground or platform surface.
(4) The pipeline of the heat exchange equipment can only have a high point and a low point, avoiding "gas bag" or "liquid bag" in the middle, and setting up a high point for emptying and a low point for purging; in the area of the heat exchange equipment, the pipeline crossings and detours should be avoided as far as possible; the number of overhead pipelines should be reduced as far as possible. The number of layers is generally 2-3 layers.
(5) Two or more parallel heat exchange equipment inlet piping straight symmetrical arrangement, for gas-liquid two-phase flow heat exchange equipment must be symmetrical arrangement, in order to achieve good heat transfer effect.
(6) heat exchange equipment inlet and outlet piping on the measuring instrument, should be close to the operating channel and easy to observe and maintenance of the place installed.
(7) and heat exchange equipment connected to the condensable medium of the pipeline or contain solid particles of the pipeline subline, the cut-off valve should be located on the horizontal pipeline, and should prevent the formation of dead-end accumulation of liquid.
(8) In cold areas, the upper and upper water pipes of the outdoor heat exchange equipment should be set up with drain valves and anti-freeze connecting pipes.
32 How should the piping arrangement of heat exchange equipment arranged in groups be designed? (1) In the area of heat exchange equipment arranged in groups, pipes may be laid on the ground or on the platform, but should not hinder passage and operation.
(2) When there is no regulating valve or drainage pipe on the pipeline, the clearance of the bottom of the pipe from the ground should be greater than or equal to 150mm.
(3) The regulating valve group should be arranged parallel to the cold exchange equipment;
(4) The net distance between the piping arrangement of the heat exchange equipment in groups shall be greater than or equal to 650mm.
(5) The piping arrangement shall take into account the disassembly space of the pipe box and head cover of each heat exchange equipment.
(6) The inlet and outlet pipes of the heat exchange equipment in parallel groups should be arranged symmetrically.
33 What are the requirements for the piping arrangement of the vertical reboiler? (1) The piping must be flexible enough to compensate for the thermal expansion of the equipment and piping under various operating conditions.
(2) When the heavy boiler orifice is connected to the tower orifice, if the loading conditions allow, it is best to set up brackets on the tower to support the heavy boiler, and the location and form of the brackets should be able to meet the displacement and load requirements arising from the expansion of the tower and pipes.
(3) The piping should leave the space required for the heavy boiling bundle to be dismantled in situ.
(4) For single-pass fixed tube plate heat exchangers with expansion joints on the shell, the influence of this expansion joint should be considered when piping, flexibility analysis and support design of the equipment are carried out.
(5) When the ratio of the length to the diameter of the reboiler (L/D) is greater than 6.0, a guide bracket is appropriate.
(6) When the valve and blind plate of the reboiler are more than 3m above the ground, a platform should be set up on the tower.
34 What are the requirements for the piping arrangement of the shell and tube type horizontal horizontal reboiler? (1) Within the range of allowable stress for thermal expansion, the lowering and rising pipes of the reboiler should be as short and straight as possible, reducing the number of elbows to reduce the pressure drop.
(2) When the reboiler has two vapour lift ports, the vapour lift should be arranged symmetrically in order to make the flow in the tubes equal. If the pipe diameter is different and the arrangement is not symmetrical, the resistance of these two pipe sections should be made equal as far as possible. Otherwise, the flow rate of the larger resistance pipe will cause uneven heat distribution.
(3) The liquid drawn from the reboiler is saturated liquid, if the piping system produces a pressure drop, the liquid will begin to flash, producing a gas-liquid two-phase fluid flow, affecting the operation and accuracy of control and measurement instruments. Therefore, in the layout of saturated liquid pipeline, the basic principle is to minimize the pressure drop and not to appear in front of the measurement or control instrumentation vertical rise pipe section.
(4) The inlet piping of the heating medium of the reboiler pipe course is usually equipped with temperature regulating valves and their valve sets, and these valves are generally arranged on the ground or platform surface close to the inlet of the reboiler pipe course.
35 What are the specific requirements for the piping design of the air cooler? (1) Fractionation tower top to the air cooler oil and gas piping, generally should not appear "liquid bag". When the air cooler import and export without valves or for two-phase flow, the piping must be symmetrical arrangement, so that each piece of air cooler flow evenly.
(2) Air cooler inlet collection pipe should be close to the air cooler nozzle connection, such as stress or installation needs, the export collection pipe may not be close to the nozzle connection, the collection pipe cross-sectional area should be greater than the sum of branch pipe cross-sectional area;.
(3) air cooler population for the gas-liquid two-phase flow, each branch pipe should be inserted into the population collection tube from below; in order to make the collection tube at the bottom of the fluid distribution uniform; at the same time set up below the collection tube to stop the liquid discharge pipe, connected to the air cooler outlet pipe.
(4) The population pipeline of the air cooler is high; if the distance is long, a special pipe rack should be set in the middle to support the pipeline.
(5) The softened water return system of the wet air cooler is a self-flowing pipeline, therefore, attention should be paid to the arrangement of the pipe system, and there should not be too many bends. The return main pipe should be sloped in the direction of media flow.
(6) The operation platform of the air cooler is equipped with a semi-fixed steam blowing joint, the valve of which should be located in an easily accessible place, and should pay attention to the direction of the steam joint to ensure safe operation.
36 What are the general requirements for pump piping design? (1) the pump inlet and outlet piping should be set up to cut off the network, the pipeline must be flexible enough to reduce the stress and torque acting on the pump orifice.
(2) The pump's suction pipeline should meet the requirements of the pump's "cavitation margin", the pipeline should be as short as possible, less bends must not have air pockets. If it is difficult to avoid, should be set up in the high point of the air release valve.
(3) when the pump suction pipe is long, should be designed into a certain slope (i = 5‰); pump than the container should be low slope to the pump, pump than the container should be high slope to the container.
(4) In the immediate vicinity of the pump population pipeline cut-off valve downstream, should be equipped with a filter or temporary filter, in order to prevent the pump fluid backflow caused by the pump impeller reversal, the pump outlet should be equipped with a non-return valve.
(5) In the premise of meeting the process requirements, the pump pipeline. valve handwheel shall not affect the normal operation of the pump and the space required for maintenance and inspection.
(6) reciprocating pump inlet and outlet piping design should consider the impact of fluid pulsation.
37 What kinds of pump protection lines are there? What is their role? There are six types of pump protection lines, the role of which is to keep the pump body from damage and normal operation, according to the conditions of use of the pump protection line.
(1) Warm pump line - when transporting high temperature oil with medium temperature greater than 200℃, DN20~25 warm pump line should be set if there is a spare pump.
(2) small flow line - when the working flow of the pump is less than 30% of the rated flow of the pump, a small flow line should be set up for the normal operation of the pump at the lowest flow rate.
(3) balance line - for the transport of saturated vapor pressure at room temperature is higher than atmospheric pressure of the liquid or in the bubble point state of the liquid, in order to prevent the liquid into the pump to produce steam or bubbles into the pump caused by cavitation should be added to the balance line;.
(4) bypass line - for pump test runs or non-normal operating conditions when the main valve is closed, still enable the pump to be in operation. Generally in the valve before and after the very high differential pressure occasions set with a limited flow orifice pole bypass valve.
(5) Anti-condensation line - when conveying liquid with high pour point or high solidification point that solidifies at room temperature, its standby pump and pipeline should be set up with an anti-condensation line to avoid blockage of the standby pump and pipeline.
(6) safety valve line - for electric reciprocating pumps, gear pumps and screw xuan pumps and other volume pumps, the outlet side of the safety valve line, when the outlet pressure exceeds the fixed pressure value, the safety valve jump, the fluid back to the pump population pipe.
38 centrifugal compressor piping arrangement of the general requirements of what? (1) centrifugal compressor shell has two forms: vertical split type for high pressure, its machine before there shall be no pipeline and other obstacles; horizontal split type for medium and low pressure, its machine shall not have pipelines and other obstacles;.
(2) The arrangement of the inlet and outlet pipes should minimize the number of elbows to reduce the pressure drop under the condition of meeting the thermal compensation and allowable force.
(3) The inlet and outlet nozzles are generally oriented downwards and supported by the centre of the machine shell, and their thermal expansion should be absorbed by the pipes during operation.
(4) the compressor nozzle set up in the plant for the upper into the upper out, in its access to the nozzle pipeline shall be provided with removable short section, in order to compressor maintenance.
39 reciprocating compressor piping layout design of the general points are? (1) compressor import and export piping arrangement should be short and straight, to minimize the number of elbows, but the export pipeline has thermal expansion, the pipeline should be flexible.
(2) Piping layout should take into account the liquid self-flow to the distribution tank, when the pipeline appears "liquid bag", should set a low point to drain the net.
(3) When multiple units are arranged side by side, the valves and instruments on the inlet and outlet pipelines should be arranged in places that are easy to operate and accessible.
(4) In order to prevent vibration of the compressor inlet and outlet pipelines, necessary vibration analysis should be carried out. (4) The pipeline arrangement should be as low as possible, with the support laid on the ground and on an independent basis, increasing the rigidity of the support and the pipeline.
(5) When the medium of the compressor is a combustible gas, the pipeline should be low-point RAN condensing, and the high-point venting valve should be equipped with a silk plug, pipe cap or flange cover to prevent leakage, and the pipe trench around the unit should be filled with sand to avoid the accumulation of combustible gas.
(6) The inlet and outlet pipelines of the compressor should be arranged in such a way that they do not affect the movement of the maintenance crane.
(7) The pipelines of the compressor should be arranged under the operation platform, so that there is a spacious operation and maintenance space around the unit
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